• Atoms = smallest unit of an element that retains elemental properties.
• Protons (atomic #) + Neutrons = Nucleus (atomic mass); Isotopes. Electrons, Shell Structure, Ions (cations, anions; size); Ion Complexes; Periodic Chart.

Ionic- electrical attraction bewteen cations and anions (Na+ and Cl-). Most common in minerals.

Covalent- electrons are shared in outer shell. Stronger than ionic (C-diamond).

• Silicates- SiO₄^4- tetrahedron; bonds with cations or share O with other tetrahedra
• Isolated
• Rings
• Single-chains Cation substitution
• Double-chains
• Sheets
• 3D networks

• Carbonates- CO₃^2- (calcite, dolomite)
• Sulfates- SO₄^2- (anhydrite, gypsum)
• Halides- Cl^-, F^-, Br^-, I^- (halite)
• Oxides and Hydroxides- O₂^- and OH^- (hematite, magnetite, brucite)
• Native elements- (gold, copper, sulfur, carbon - [polymorphism])
• Sulfides- S₂^- (pyrite, galena)

2. THE ROCK CYCLE
The Rock Cycle-  interrelated set of geologic processes that link the three rock types.  Ultimately driven by plate tectonics and atmospheric processes.

• Igneous Rocks- crystallization of magma (700°-1100°C).  Intrusive and Extrusive types.
• Sedimentary Rocks - lithification of sediments in to layers called "beds" or bedding.  Sediments produced by weathering and erosion; Clastic, Biochemical, and Chemical types.  Transportation, deposition, lithification (compaction, cementation)

Metamorphic Rocks - solid state change at high T (250°-700°C) and P.  Regional, Contact metamorphism; Foliated and non-foliated types.